Mastery Map

Updated: Mar 16, 2025


Nature’s first green is gold,
Her hardest hue to hold.
Her early leaf’s a flower;
But only so an hour.
Then leaf subsides to leaf.
So Eden sank to grief,
So dawn goes down to day.
Nothing gold can stay.
Robert Frost
Read everyday.
Spend time with nature.
Ask questions.
Never stop learning.
Don't pay attention to what others think of you.
Do what interests you the most.
Study hard.
Teach others what you know.
Make mistakes and learn.
It's okay to not know things.
Richard Feynman, curated list of advice.
I thought I was writing what I wanted to read. That's what I would think when I didn't know how to phrase something or end a story. I'll just remind myself: I'm writing what I want to read.
Tao Lin, on learning to write.
Every puzzle is solved by shifting your perspective.
Jonathan Blow, on solving puzzles in The Witness, quoting from memory.
A map is not the territory it represents, but, if correct, it has a similar structure to the territory, which accounts for its usefulness.
Alfred Korzybski

The Goal

  • That which made you want to paint it
  • More like
  • Harmony
  • Soul
  • Not mechanical copy
  • The life of the color in all parts

Mastery of Seeing

Acquisition: Drawing form is impossible without first seeing form. Hand ability shortly follows eye ability.
Krashen - Acquisition begets speaking.

Gammell - Seeing is seeing relationally.

Color

  • Hue
  • Chroma
  • Value
  • Relational value
  • Relational chroma
  • Relational hue

Drawing

  • Point
  • Line
  • Angle
  • Curve
  • Mass
    • Form
      • Speed of travel / Rate of change
  • Shape
    • Fullness
    • Concavity, Convexity
    • Bumps
  • Proportion
    • Linears
    • Plumb
    • Angles
    • Rectangular width to height
    • Ovoid width to height
    • Anchors
    • Relational to each other
      • Relational to the whole
  • Gesture

Visual Order

  • Greater to lesser value "units"
  • General tonality
  • Naive eye
  • Flatness of values
  • Flatness of visual impression
  • Major players, minor players
  • Lostness and eye jumps
  • Big smash of light
  • Gesture of the lights and darks
  • Classes of things (the lights, midtones, reds, blues, etc)
  • Light effects
    • Order of effects locally
    • Order of effects of the whole
    • Edges
      • Sharpness
      • Contrast (see Color list)
  • Keying
    • by value
    • by chroma
    • by hue
    • Glory note
    • The lights are turned on

Design

  • Unity, harmony
  • Rhythm (or timing)
  • Arabesque Still don't know what this means. Is it undefined or undefinable?
  • Patterning
  • Grouping
  • Systems repeated sameness (distribution of lines)
  • Correlations repeated similarities (this recalls this)
  • Color Play
    • Distribution of Effects
      • Recurrence and differentiation
    • Featuring
    • Color Scheme
      • Dominant Color (eg, A Red Picture)
      • The Reds, The Blues, The Yellows, The Lights, The Darks
    • Value Plan
  • Center of interest (crescendo)
    • Reverberations
  • Main line
    • Counter play
    • Empathetic
  • Chaos, Irregularity, Disorder

Memory

  • Color
  • Form
  • Contour
  • Motion
  • Essentials (plant field study)
  • Elapsed time recall
  • Multiple memory recall
  • Near-peripheral, peripheral memorization
  • Simultaneous observation

Mastery of Method

The skills that are a result of discipline and repetition. Muscle memory. Practices that can be acquired immediately upon learning of it.

Noticing

  • Look for other places with the color in your brush
  • Visualize the finished painting
  • Notice the flow of values
  • Notice eye jumps in the visual order
  • Notice the range of values (eg, 5 value painting)

Mindset

  • Make real decisions - studies and exercises aren't conducive to meaningful decision making. another way to say this: make pictures that could be sold.
  • Don't lose control
  • Always be having fun
  • dont paint unless the subject has "it" - dont find just anything to paint
  • Color, value, porportions... are unknowable. So what are you going to do?
  • The start of a painting is a search: setting up the field of colors, aiming at the whole of the general impression
  • Don't expect to see the whole in the painting too early. Be patient and hit honest notes and wait for it to arrive (don't be ambitious in the start)
  • Holding two ideas in your mind at once: Color first, but value first
  • Holding two ideas in your mind at once: Make a plan for tomorrow, but arrive without a plan
  • Disown whatever happened before.
  • The shadows are full of color.
  • How much color can I find in nature? What's the upper limit of my ability to find color?
  • finish a painting quickly - finish in the least amount of time required - get to the end quickly by being decisive - every mark should clearly be advancing the painting closer to the finish
  • Be here now.
  • look easy, not hard

Actions

  • Keeping colors of different value separated in the start
  • Comparing by likeness, not difference (eg light to lights, midtone to midtones, dark to darks)
  • Measuring by eye first
  • Always viewing from the same location
  • Drawing with one edge of the tool
  • Avoiding glare (stroke angle, viewing angle)
  • Drawing a sharp edge in one stroke
  • Using the palette as a map, to remember how you got there
  • Color matching
  • Setting up life-size, locating the picture plane
  • Painting broken color
  • Removing paint with a brush
  • Using a viewfinder
  • Maintaining flat shadows
  • Maintaining flat masses (uniformity)
  • Spotting and distributing
  • Turning form, starting from the lightest light into the dark
  • Adjusting a light effect efficiently
  • All over the place at once in the start
  • Returning to a prior state
  • Conveying big form ideas before articulating edges
  • Floating the arabesque
  • Application: Scumble
  • Application: Tickling
  • Application: Cutting an edge
  • Application: Weaving
  • Completing a work in 3 skins, generally
  • Working from unified state toward another unified state of the image
  • Working from big forms to little forms
  • Drawing control with the shoulder and elbow
  • Floating line through a point with specificity
  • Feathering the start and end of a floating line
  • Feathering non-edges of masses
  • Directional lines & keeping chaos away
  • Confirming adequate proportions by measurement
  • Proving proportions by many witnesses
  • conveying the greater abstraction with least amount of local drawing in the start
  • only indicating useful edges
  • Debriefing
  • Looking 4 times before making a mark
  • Simultaneous focus
  • Popping eyes for color
  • Looking with peripheral vision
  • Resolve what was started
  • Resolution: Tying on effects
  • Paint/draw from effect to effect
  • Only indicate one edge of an object
  • Not creating deformity when creating form
  • Losing things to keep the discussion simple
  • Looking for the gesture of ___ (The lights, for example)
  • Effect first, then shape
  • Draw the light, not the object
  • Name the problem you are working on (value, hue, color, angle, location)
  • Surface Integrity
    • Just enough paint to get the job done
    • Using up the paint
    • Wet-into-wet joint
    • Filling the interstices
    • Preservation of lights
    • Avoiding paint ridges
    • Removing paint ridges
    • Flowing paint (oil to pigment ratio)
    • Always dark into light
  • paint a flat note and use it up - paint the note you mean to paint, not the note + white canvas
  • don't allow inaccuracies on the canvas, and don't let adequate become inadequate for too long
  • Application: re-making the surface on a slick surface by adding paint
  • Find the specific, small point where the value is highest or lowest in a unit (may be the high or low key of the painting)
  • Mis en place: paints, oil, rags, clean brushes, oiled white, clean palette
  • Find the red, yellow, and blue in every spot. (especially true of plein air)
  • paint darks with pure dark pigment then adjust - dont start with black - start with a color then work toward black as needed
  • The color should be visible from a distance
  • Keeping the painting open
  • Paint with breadth (every mark is part of a greater whole, which too is part of a greater whole)
  • Always be working on the backstraggler
  • Paint effects in their order of effects (visual order)
  • Lesson of the checkerboard

Notes on Charcoal

  • Stumping up to a hard edge
  • Jumping to the final values
  • Drawing texture
  • Sharpening and blurring an existing line
  • Drawing straight lines in succession
  • Using diagonals for massing
  • Erasing without dragging charcoal
  • Keeping a clean eraser (skin oils)
  • Keeping clean charcoal (tape, skin oils)
  • Drawing with a feel for the sharp edge of the charcoal
  • Stumping flat shadows
  • Drawing on the paper tooth

What is The Start

Notes on what the tasks are in the start.

the purpose, things not to do, things to do, value anchors, chroma anchors, key points / arabesque, general tonality

What is Adequate

Notes on adequate likeness in the start and in visual order. leading edge of an area and hue value chroma? what values to ignore (size based?)


Mastery of Design

Unity, harmony

Rhythm (or timing)

Arabesque

Patterning

Terracotta stamnos (jar) Attributed to the Menelaos Painter

Pattern must be infinite... but maybe there are just a few essential types like the main line?

Can there be a pattern of strong-weak in the main line and counter line? For example, every other counter line is "strong" (contrast, effect, extent) vs weaker, less defined or prominent lines. music: crescendo, steady beat

Grouping

Systems

Correlations

Chardin, Ustensiles de cuisine, chaudron, poêlon et oeufs

Are there essential types of correlations? Maybe it's just the elements of Color and Drawing lists? Or is object-minded thinking part of correlations? Material, object, use, cultural associations

Color Play

Distribution of Effects

Recurrence and differentiation

Featuring

Color Scheme

Dominant Color (eg, A Red Picture)

The Reds, The Blues, The Yellows, The Lights, The Darks

Value plan: General Tonality (Dark, Light, etc) Identify the feature value(s) Describe the action of the non-feature values as best you can Describe the 'spotting' of the feature value Do a “blobnail” (a blobby thumbnail) summary into the frames of as many of the images as you like. Don't just darken in the shapes about where they go but rather express the essential overall plan

Center of interest

Main Line

Gêrome - Bashi-Bazouk

Spiral - Front View & Upside Down Orientation - Sticks counterline sucked into - Specific: Vortex, third dimension

Question - would this be (or is this) more of a pyramid? Somewhere between? If the image were much shorter would it be more pyramid? if its even taller, more spiral?

Chaos, Irregularity, Disorder


Mastery of Problem Solving

Color & Drawing Problem Solving

  • Naming the pig
  • Simple binary questions
  • Darkened / Blurred eye
  • Backstraggler
  • Comparing to the whole
  • Systems, families, classes
  • Sets of 3
  • Ovoids
  • Subdivisions
  • Box proportions
  • Triangle proportions
  • Linear measure with a ruler
  • Box measure with a ruler (three side measure)
  • The size of the implied circle when judging a curve
  • Body feel: How a shape feels in hand / Could I climb this angle?
  • Plumb to vertical
  • Camera focus: finding the min-max location
  • Big and easy: Looking bigger when in trouble
  • Straight line deviation (S-curves, small hump and large hump)
  • A third thing is required to prove the relationship between two things.
  • Looking for missing pigs: If you look for ___ you'll find it. (Fullness, for example)
  • Getting a concept of the thing
  • Shifting viewpoint to and fro to see the angle your drawing is actually matching
  • look at the in-ness and out-ness of line (eg, too much or little of in-and-out of profile of face)
  • try everything
  • object-minded looking - looking for rotation and tilt - are my objects tilting in the same way?
  • object-minded looking - looking for material - do my objects appear to be the same material?
  • Set looking - are nature's set of red / blue / yellows presenting as a set in my picture too?

Examples of Simple Questions and Set Thinking

  • Which has more color? Nature or my painting?
  • Of the set of yellows in Nature - is Nature's most chromatic yellow also the most chromatic yellow in the set of yellows in my painting?
  • In nature there is a blue-green that clearly belongs in the set of blues - is this blue-green acting the same in my painting? Or is it being tugged toward the greens?
  • Can I see the time of day and weather in my painting?

Design Problem Solving (Still Life)

  • massing objects of similar color to create a color field - the color that will wash over the painting to make it a yellow painting for example. -- starting with the dominant overall effect of the image rather than ending up at it by accident - starting big and easy
  • Collect variety
    • of values: dark, mid, light
    • of sizes: small, medium, large
    • of hue: red, yellow, blue
    • of chroma: dull, normal, intense
    • of shapes: platonic, everyday objects, complex objects
  • Look for systems: "a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network"
    • lines
    • color and value
    • shapes
    • material (eg, organics, metals)
  • Look at objects on both darker and lighter value backgrounds
  • Change perspective relative to the whole scene
    • view from above and below
    • view from left and right
    • view from different position in relation to light source (eg, front vs side lit)
  • Play yes/no game with colors (eg, is this blue better than that blue with this red)
  • Look at a single object from every __ to see what it's capable of
    • rotation
    • configuration (open, closed, folded, inside out)
    • relation to light source
  • Equilibrium
  • Busy, non-busy
  • Distribute colors across scene
  • Look for interesting silhouettes
  • Consider exits
  • Avoid awkward arrangements that deform
  • Look for lostness and continuity - lose edges of objects
  • Notice the general tonality
  • Begin with a strong center of interest, build a supporting cast
  • If the center of interest were a function (input A -> output A), what would the same function do in other areas of the picture if given different input (input B -> output B)
  • Try combinations of all objects with each other
  • Try using dark value objects as a pusherback
  • Look for low anxiety, calm
  • Try making depth, the picture sit back in space
  • Recognize the cinematic moment, when color-values start working
  • Turn of a phrase - its role in poetry (essential) vs its role in a book (who cares)
  • Try everything
  • Notice the visual weight or tension of an area
  • Does it look natural? Or forced, contrived - is the object minded thinking jumping to the fore? Is the experience thought and words before color?
  • Things to work out more before officially adding:

  • Your purpose (?) - Degas vs Hunter reason for doing / not doing things in a composition (can't remember this clearly)
  • Contiguity
  • Projectiveness
  • Take a photo and diagram the elements of design
  • how are effects lined up with other effects horizontally, vertically?
  • what do i want more of? what am i enjoying that could be focused on or expanded or repeated?
  • do i have too many value units, would it be better to move things so that i have fewer isolated value units
  • looking at each tiny part and ask, do i want to paint that?
  • Papa bear, mama bear, baby bear
  • Avoid two-sies. Equality is uninteresting as a whole composition, and distracting when a smaller part of a larger picture.
  • find the mainline in the center of interest. (look for it, dont try to make it)
  • take ownership - do color study, value plans, pattern study, mainline, etc. don't just let things happen by chance

Problem Solving of Progress - Staying Objective

  • Look at painting side by side with similar painting by a master
  • Put everything you know into a single picture (or list) / making clear the boundaries of your current knowledge
    • "put everything you know into" = "do the absolute best you can do at this state"
    • ie, if this is everything, what's still missing?
  • Compare interpretations of terms and aphorisms with others
  • Keep an antilibrary
  • Wrestle with ideas in the open - conversation and debate will force gaps in understanding to the surface

Evidence of Mastery

Not sure how to think about this list. These are values I think worth considering, but they seem to be the result of mastery rather than a skill in themselves. What is Beauty?

  • Appearance of ease
  • The painter disappears
  • Mood
  • Atmosphere
  • Poetry, music
  • Speed of acquisition of new knowledge
  • Good reflexive actions (automatic sense of what to do, when to do it, how to do it)

Work & Demos for Study

Work

  • Todo: images of every painting by Paul that I can find.

Demos

Books

  • twilight of painting
  • velasq ram stev
  • suzuki method
  • painting stevens
  • john sargent book
  • inges walter pach
  • millet cartwright
  • jan vermeer delft
  • bunker gammell
  • classic pov cox
  • discourses
  • art of clear thinking
  • Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition
  • benson's notes
  • ...

Mechanics of the Eye

  • Consider Weber-Fechner laws
  • “Values: When Seeing Isn’t Necessarily Believing” by Lindesay Harkness. Cover Article, The Classical Realism Journal Vol.II, Issue 1, p. 10
  • Wiki on Fovea centralis
  • Wiki on Periperal vision
  • Wiki on Averted vision
  • Wiki on Purkinje effect
  • Wiki on CIE 1931 color space

    Due to the distribution of cones in the eye, the tristimulus values depend on the observer's field of view. To eliminate this variable, the CIE defined a color-mapping function called the standard (colorimetric) observer, to represent an average human's chromatic response within a 2° arc inside the fovea. This angle was chosen owing to the belief that the color-sensitive cones resided within a 2° arc of the fovea. Thus the CIE 1931 Standard Observer function is also known as the CIE 1931 2° Standard Observer. A more modern but less-used alternative is the CIE 1964 10° Standard Observer, which is derived from the work of Stiles and Burch,[9] and Speranskaya.[10]

    For the 10° experiments, the observers were instructed to ignore the central 2° spot. The 1964 Supplementary Standard Observer function is recommended when dealing with more than about a 4° field of view. Both standard observer functions are discretized at 5 nm wavelength intervals from 380 nm to 780 nm and distributed by the CIE.[11] All corresponding values have been calculated from experimentally obtained data using interpolation. The standard observer is characterized by three color matching functions.

    the 10° and the 2° angles refer to the field of view when physically viewing a sample. The field of view subtends either a 2° or a 10° angle on the retina.
    A better way to understand this is that a 2° field of view is equivalent to viewing a 1.7cm circle at a distance of 50cm; a 10° field of view is equivalent to viewing an 8.8cm circle at a distance of 50cm.
    So roughly, the 2° field of view is equivalent to viewing a 1.7cm circle at a distance of 50cm; or like looking at your thumbnail at arms length away and the 10° field of view is like looking at the palm of your hand (or a three-inch circle) at arms' length.


Palette & Brush

Note on pigments and oils, eg Ralph Mayer's 3rd edition has comment on Ivory Black causing cracks if used as an underpainting, 5th edition has absorption spectrum charts of different pigments.

  • Ivory Black
  • Flake or Cremnitz White
  • Alizarin Crimson (not lightfast. example substitute PR264)
  • Cadmium Scarlet
  • Cadmium Lemon
  • Viridian
  • Ultramarine Deep
  • Linseed oil

  • Plein air
  • Sevres Blue
  • Permanent Green Light
  • Titanium White (perhaps)

Notes on brush length, amount of paint in the brush, oil, the look of the bent brush when hitting canvas (re: pressure, samo burja, lost knowledge)


Functions and Parameters

function niche(arch_height, arch_width, curve_begins, intersections, ...) -> Niche Picture

function still_life(...) -> Still Life Picture
				

What are all the (known) parameters of a niche picture? what are some example outputs?

Parameters dont involve "how" - they're just facts about niches. The "how" or skill happens inside {}, which in the function syntax i'm using, we don't need to worry about. it's focusing on the parameters and output.


But How?

  • Conceptual problems
    • Paint nature in which darkest dark is greater in value than oil paint (extreme light)
    • Paint nature in which lightest light is lower in value than oil paint (extreme dark)
    • Paint nature in which there is an unreachable chroma
    • Paint nature in which all colors are shifted in hue
  • Cast drawing
  • Cast Painting
  • Interior brown paper study
  • Still life brown paper study
  • Still life painting
  • Memory drawing
  • Memory painting
  • Plein air pencil drawing
  • Plein air painting
  • Figure in pencil (contour)
  • Figure in brown paper
  • Imaginative figure in paint
  • Copying
  • Looking at pictures
  • Going to museums
  • Knowledge (data) organization
  • Reading
  • Watching critiques

Notes on Color

Munsell determined the spacing of colors along these dimensions by taking measurements of human visual responses. In each dimension, Munsell colors are as close to perceptually uniform as he could make them, which makes the resulting shape quite irregular. As Munsell explains:
Desire to fit a chosen contour, such as the pyramid, cone, cylinder or cube, coupled with a lack of proper tests, has led to many distorted statements of color relations, and it becomes evident, when physical measurement of pigment values and chromas is studied, that no regular contour will serve. — Albert H. Munsell, “A Pigment Color System and Notation”

Chroma, measured radially from the center of each slice, represents the “purity” of a color (related to saturation), with lower chroma being less pure (more washed out, as in pastels).[6] Note that there is no intrinsic upper limit to chroma. Different areas of the color space have different maximal chroma coordinates. For instance light yellow colors have considerably more potential chroma than light purples, due to the nature of the eye and the physics of color stimuli. This led to a wide range of possible chroma levels—up to the high 30s for some hue–value combinations (though it is difficult or impossible to make physical objects in colors of such high chromas, and they cannot be reproduced on current computer displays). Vivid solid colors are in the range of approximately 8.


Suggestions of an Antilibrary


Artists to Study


Painters

  • Robert Douglas Hunter design, color
  • R.H. Ives Gammell
  • Frank Weston Benson
  • Joaquín Sorolla color, plein air values
  • Edmund C. Tarbell
  • Joseph Decamp
  • Willard Metcalf color, plein air application
  • John Singer Sargent
  • John William Waterhouse design, patterning
  • Albert Joseph Moore color
  • Frederic Leighton design, color
  • Claude Monet color
  • Winslow Homer design, main line
  • Henri Fantin-Latour
  • Edgar Degas
  • James Whistler color, memory
  • Jean-Léon Gérôme design, main line
  • Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
  • Jean Siméon Chardin design
  • Johannes Vermeer
  • Diego Velázquez
  • Michelangelo
  • Leonardo Da Vinci

Sculptors

  • Daniel Chester French
  • Auguste Rodin

Eastern

  • Hokusai design, main line
Note on realism: Plausability (sargent, sorolla, degas) vs Likeness (paul, tarbell, chardin, vermeer)